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Agriculture specialists sounding the alarm over huge unfold of superweeds because of GMOs, glyphosate

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KR M
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Superweed
Superweed

Superweeds

New monster types of weeds are usurping fields across the world, because the use of ever bigger amounts of pesticides to cultivate herbicide-resistant genetically changed crops has unleashed a monster.

Experts in weed management ar sounding the alarm and looking out for brand spanking new ways in which to handle the matter when fifteen years of agriculture based mostly for the most part around Monsanto\’s flagship Roundup chemical, throughout that \”extensive and sustained use of glyphosate as a sole weed management mechanism\” has currently forced several farmers to drag weeds by hand or come to a pricey mechanical cultivation of the soil.

The increase of herbicide-resistant superweeds has become such a widespread issue that header mechanisms and mitigation methods were a dominant topic at the yank Chemical Society, the world\’s largest science and trade society, once it command its 246th National Meeting & Exposition.

Costs related to weed management have doubled, and in some cases tripled, throughout identical amount that crop yields have fallen sharply, casting doubt on claims that gram crops ar poised to resolve international food security problems.

\”The issues related to herbicide-resistant weeds ar spreading and intensifying , particularly weed species proof against multiple product, as well as the mainstay of twenty first century agriculture, the chemical glyphosate,\” aforementioned Bryan Young, Ph.D., a prof of Plant Soil and Agricultural Systems at Southern Illinois University in Carbondale WHO focuses on weed management methods.

\”More than two hundred individual weed species are confirmed proof against a minimum of one chemical, with infestations covering a lot of acres within the u. s. and sixty different countries. it\’s spreading on the far side soybeans and cotton [emphasis added].\”

\”Weed management in corn has become tougher in recent years because of herbicide-resistant weeds,\” Young explicit throughout his address to the yank Chemical Society.

The problem parallels the increase of dangerous new drug-resistant \”supergerms\” as a results of overusing antibiotics – the treatment has basically backfired and created a drag that\’s troublesome to manage.

Reproducing chop-chop, state of affairs out crops and competitive for wet and nutrients, superweeds ar defying multiple rounds of glyphosate – and currently, progressively, different herbicides like herbicide – and thriving.

Typical of those new categories of superweeds is Arnold Daniel Palmer amaranth pigweed, which may grow as tall as ten feet at an in. per day and includes a stem thick enough to wreck farm instrumentality. The weeds inherit resistance to those herbicides.

To fight back, the business trade is developing new herbicides that they claim work to \”sidestep\” the resistance mechanisms of weeds, whereas maintaining stress on herbicide-resistant genetically-modified crops like Bt varieties.

For Young and different specialists, this may need a fancy approach that takes into consideration seed choice, crop rotation, soil conditions and a mix of additional pesticides – new types of herbicides expected to realize approval and are available to plug – as well as two,4-D, dicamba, isoxaflutole and mesotrione.

In specific, Dow Chemical\’s 2,4-D, a significant part in weed killer, that was polemically used throughout the Vietnam War, is regular to emerge as a significant various to glyphosate and can even be deployed wide together with glyphosate.

Farmers mistreatment these new chemicals can have the extra burden of coordinating them with evolving gram seed varieties that match resistance with new chemical methods.

Bill Freese of the middle for Food Safety commented on the matter in 2010, noting, \”Biotech trade is taking United States into a additional pesticide-dependent agriculture once they\’ve continually secure, and that we have to be compelled to be stepping in other direction.\”

While herbicide-resistant superweeds have needed fashionable agriculture to use additional chemicals than ever before during a trend that may still spike, some ar even making an attempt to good autonomous weed-killing robots that may separately target unwieldy superweeds that additional and additional pesticides simply cannot management.

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Planting hemp, Cannabis can reverse the soil injury caused by several decades of chemical agriculture

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KR M
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Hemp
Hemp

Hemp

One way to  accomplish this can be to abandon the chemical-intensive farming techniques that have seized fashionable agriculture and come back to the systems of previous, as well as organic polyculture techniques that restore soil health by returning atmospherical carbon back to wherever it belongs — within the soils!

\\\”Scientists say that a lot of carbon resides in soil than within the atmosphere\\\” [T]here are a pair 2500 billion tons of carbon in soil, compared with 800 billion tons within the atmosphere and 560 billion tons in plant and animal life.\\\”

Those concerned within the movement to finish the prohibition of each hemp and cannabis also are serving to this method on, whether or not they comprehend it or not. The soil-restorative edges of cannabis are unmatched in nature and this miracle plant naturally pulls in much more CO2 than other trees, ligneous plant.

\\\”A field of healthful weed can sequester around twenty two tonnes of CO2 per hectare,\\\” explains Carbon Planet. \\\”A typical crop is grownup on 100+ hectares in Europe… and victimisation crop rotation to stay the soil nice and fertile you\\\’ll get 2 tight dope crops p.a…. thus that is a sequestration rate of around 5000 tonnes per annum.\\\”

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Genetically modified organisms, chemical agriculture unharness billions of heaps of carbon into atmosphere

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KR M
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Chemical Agriculture
Chemical Agriculture

Genetically modified organisms, chemical agriculture

The next time someone tries to inform you that cow farts, cars or too many of us square measure the impetus behind unfortunate changes within the environmental condition norms of the earth, you will wish to purpose them to a replacement analysis paper printed in Yale University\’s Yale surroundings 360 that unveils 2 of the particular causes of synthetic global climate change that the thought media refuses to speak about: genetically changed organisms (GMOs) and chemical-based, industrial agriculture.

The paper, entitled Soil as Carbon Storehouse: New Weapon in Climate Fight?, points to unsustainable agriculture — this includes the planting of ample acres of land with weight unit soy and corn, and therefore the regular spraying of this land with harmful pesticides and herbicides — as a significant reason behind excess carbon unharness. Healthy soils, it seems, naturally sequester carbon and preserve it for the advantage of humans and therefore the surroundings, however trendy agricultural practices have destroyed a lot of of it, making a significant imbalance.

Many of America\’s former tall grass prairies, consistent with the analysis, are regenerate into immense growing fields for government-subsidized artifact crops, that heavily tax the planet and make immense amounts of pollution. These crops are planted in isolation employing a monoculture format, that more depletes soil minerals and microbes and results in a state of affairs wherever natural soil carbon content is altered.

As a result, these broken soils find yourself emotional hold on carbon into the air, wherever it oxidizes and turns into dioxide. And this constant and increasing unharness, say some consultants, is what\’s really liable for disrupting traditional climate patterns and probably making a state of affairs wherever entire ecosystems square measure currently in danger of collapse.

\”Recognition of the very important role vie by soil carbon might mark a crucial if refined shift within the discussion regarding heating, that has been heavily centered on curb emissions of fossil fuels,\” wrote Judith D. Schwartz for surroundings 360. Reducing emissions is crucial, however soil carbon sequestration has to be a part of the image similarly.

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Application of Nitrogen to Soyabean

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KR M
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Soyabean
Soyabean

Soyabean

After talking with several farmers throughout Ohio throughout this year’s Extension conferences, one common question keeps taking drugs. “What concerning N application to soybean?” affirmative, soybean plants have high N needs thanks to the high supermolecule content of grain. On average, around four avoirdupois unit N is removed per bushel of grain. (Corn solely removes around one avoirdupois unit N per bushel of grain.) Soybean N needs ar met through each N-fixing microorganism (Bradyrhizobia) and residual/mineralized soil nitrogen.

With higher soybean yield potential, will we have to be compelled to use N chemical on our soybeans? In most things, applying N to soybean has no yield profit. N application is also helpful in soils with low residual N and/or low soil organic matter.

In 2013, we have a tendency to examined varied N sources (polymer-coated carbamide, urea, and sulfur-coated urea), N rates (ranging from 30-400 avoirdupois unit N/ac), N placement (2-inch by 2-inch band and surface-applied), and N application temporal arrangement (at planting and R3) at 10 locations throughout Ohio. Across all 10 locations, there was no yield profit to any N supply, rate, placement, or application temporal arrangement. Our soybean yield averaged forty three to seventy five bu/ac counting on location. This analysis are continual in 2014.

One way to maximise N uptake by soybean plants while not applying N chemical is by adjusting soil pH scale. Nodulation of soybean roots is adversely affected once soil pH scale drops below half dozen.0. In 2013, we have a tendency to collected soil samples from sixty five farms throughout Ohio. Overall, twenty ninth of the samples we have a tendency to collected had soil pH scale <6.0. Low soil pH scale occurred primarily east of I-71 (north japanese and japanese Ohio) wherever soils don\’t have the maximum amount lime content. However, there have been a number of areas in northwestern and western Ohio that had soil pH scale <6.0. we propose taking a soil sample and adjusting soil pH scale to be >6.0 to maximise N uptake by soybean.

Ref-http://www.farms.com/news/nitrogen-application-to-soybean-72887.aspx

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How to manage soyabean nematodes?

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KR M
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Soyabean
Soyabean

Soyabean Nematodes

Soybean cyst nematode worm. simply the name of this yield thief makes several soybean farmers cringe. And it ought to, since soybean nematodes causes the best yield loss of any cuss or sickness in soybean throughout the u. s.. however if you reside within the south, there\’s another nematode worm to urge to grasp.

Southern root-knot nematode worm is inflicting issues within the southern u. s., in keeping with a research worker at Clemson University in South geographic region. Root-knot nematodes will cause severe reduction in soybean yield, worsen injury caused by different fungous diseases, and even cause plant death.

“There ar many nematode worm species that cause economic injury, like soybean cyst, southern root-knot, peanut root-knot, Columbia lance, reniform, sting and lesion,” says John Mueller, Ph.D. “Of these, the foremost well-known is soybean cyst, however within the southern a part of the country, southern root-knot most likely causes the foremost injury across the best expanse.”

In a recent “Focus on Soybean” webcast, Mueller discusses the variations between these 2 commonest soybean nematodes, together with management practices for all nematode worm species. Here are four practices he suggests to assist minimize nematodes’ impact on your soybean yield:

Soil sampling — Farmers ought to take soil samples when harvest. By doing therefore, you\’ll be able to verify which kind of nematode worm you have got.
Crop rotation — Once you recognize that nematodes ar gift, you\’ll be able to verify the crops full of the nematode worm species in your field and set up a crop-rotation schedule consequently.
Use resistant varieties — If you recognize that nematode worm species, and within the case of SCN that HG sorts or races, board your fields, you\’ll be able to choose soybean varieties immune to those nematodes.
Use of a nematicide —Use this technique once there ar multiple species of nematode worms gift during a field or once you have a species of nematode that no resistant selection exists. Nematicides ar out there in granular or chemical forms, chemical or biological seed treatments and harpins, that induce resistance in plants.
The soy checkoff supports the “Focus on Soybean” webcasts through a partnership with the Plant Management Network. All U.S. soybean farmers have access to the current full presentation till day, a shorter executive-summary version of the presentation are out there indefinitely afterward time.

ref-http://www.farms.com/news/four-ways-to-manage-soybean-nematodes-73645.aspx

soybean field

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Things to know about seed treatment

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KR M
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Seed Treatment
Seed Treatment

SEED TREATMENT

Many farmers  question whether or not their soybeans would like a antimycotic agent seed treatments this planting season. However that depends on several factors – from weather and planting date to voidance and seed prices. And if conditions or field history don\’t dictate the utilization of a antimycotic agent seed treatment, then it\’s going to not be the most effective possibility.

The soy checkoff funds seed-treatment analysis, providing U.S. soybean farmers with sensible production data and serving to shield their yields against phanerogam diseases.

Applying seed treatments may be a apace growing trend. In fact, the soybean business estimates that sixty to seventy % of the 2014 soybean seed planted can have a seed treatment. That’s compared with thirty % in 2008 and eight % in 1996, in step with port of entry Munkvold, Ph.D., plant pathology and biological science faculty member at Iowa State University.

But despite the increase in seed treatment use, it would not be the most effective possibility for your operation. Here ar six things to consider:

Farmers with poorly drained or no-tilled fields, continuous-soybean or soybean-corn rotations and a history of replanting are the foremost possible to examine the additional advantage of employing a seed treatment, in step with The Ohio State University.
When spring conditions ar cool and wet and once planting happens in late Apr to early might, seed-treatment fungicides ar a good tool, in step with dancer Conley, soybean extension specialist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
The use of a seed treatment is most impactful in fields with a history of post-planting issues, like minor soil crusting, temporary flooding, soil compaction or poorly drained soils, in step with the University of Kentucky. Treatments are helpful once farmers use low seeding rates and once farmers plant seed with a moderate germination rate or once the germination rate is unknown.
Using a antimycotic agent treatment on soybean seeds can increase the chance of achieving a satisfactory stand and can enhance the early-season vigor of established seedlings, in step with the Mississippi Soybean Promotion Board.
With the rise in value of seed, several farmers don’t wish to overplant. As a result, in step with Iowa State University and University of Wisconsin-Madison, some ar decreasing their seeding rate and victimization the money they save on seed treatments instead.
Fungicide seed treatments showed a mean yield increase of two.5 bushels per acre over associate degree eight year amount, in step with Kansas State University analysis and Extension.
Always bear in mind to separate treated seed and harvested soybeans to guard the integrity of the U.S. soybean offer. this may avoid golf stroke the U.S. soybean industry’s relationship with customers on the far side the elevator in peril.

Reference-http://www.farms.com/news/six-things-farmers-should-know-about-seed-treatments-73153.aspx

 

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Milk has been shown to be a good disinfectant for greenhouse tools to stop the manual transmission of viruses

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KR M
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MIlk
MIlk

MILK FOR GREENHOUSE TOOLS

Some folks could have detected that spraying plants or soaking tools with a diluted wet or milk powder could forestall the manual transmission of viruses from plant to plant. the sole printed study to our data, “Transmission, Movement, and Inactivation of cymbid Mosaic and orchidaceous plant Ringspot Virsuses,” that tested milk applications on to plants was one examining cymbid mosaic and orchidaceous plant ringspot viruses.

The researchers mixed completely different concentrations of skimmed milk (10-90 percent) with leaf extracts that were inoculated with the cymbid mosaic virus. once tested on the host plant, a Dendrobiumorchid, the skimmed milk mixtures weren\’t effective in preventing transmission of the virus. Michigan State extension states that the effectivity of milk may depend upon several factors together with the virus kind, host species, concentration and also the temporal order of the milk exposure.

While there square measure only a few studies testing the effectivity of milk sprayed onto plants, alternative studies have shown that mistreatment milk powder is a good sterilizing technique for greenhouse tools. Soaking tools for one minute when pruning mallow ‘Pink Versicolor’ and ‘Brilliant Red’ infected with Hybiscus latent Fort Pierce virus (HLFPV) in twenty % nonfat milk powder was effective in preventing the unfold of the virus, in line with “Transmission, In Planta Distribution, and Management of mallow latent Fort Pierce virus, a completely unique Tobamovirus Isolated from Everglade State mallow.” equally, soaking tools during a diluted nonfat milk powder (20 percent) for one minute diminished transmission of mosaic virus (TMV) from infected petunias to antiseptic petunias, in line with “Surprising Results from an enquiry for Effective Disinfectants for mosaic virus-Contaminated Tools”.

MSU Extension reminds growers that there\’s no cure for plants infected with a plague. Growers ought to scout their crop for each symptoms of viruses on plants and for insects which will transmit viruses like aphids and thrips. If growers square measure pinching plants, clean tools between cuts. If a proverbial virus downside arises, discard stuff and sterilize benches, trash cans, hands and every one alternative surfaces that will have are available in contact with the stuff.

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Honey bees can discover cancer and different diseases by sniffing the odour on patient’s breath

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KR M
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Honey_Bee
Honey_Bee

HONEYBEES

A device has been created by a Portuguese designer Susana Soares which may discover cancer exploitation trained bees.
The bees area unit placed in an exceedingly glass chamber that the patient exhales from. If the bees fly into a secondary chamber, then meaning the bees have detected the malady, in step with Susana Soares.
Miss Soares, WHO bestowed her Bee\’s project at Dutch style Week, in metropolis last month, said: \’Trained bees solely rush into the smaller chamber if they discover the odour on the patient\’s breath that they need been trained to focus on.
\’The bees may be trained at intervals ten minutes.\’
Honey bees have a superb sense of smell that is healthier than a human dog.
Bees may be trained to discover bombs and one company known as Insectinel is coaching \’sniffer bees\’ to figure in counter-terrorist operations.
A bee is trained by exposing it to sure odours before feeding them an answer of water and sugar.
The bees then keep in mind the smell for the remainder of their lives if they\’re forever rewarded with sugar.
The glass object contains a huge chamber and a tiny low chamber wherever the bees go if they discover the malady.
Research dispensed by scientists has recommended that bees will accurately diagnose diseases like T.B., respiratory organ and carcinoma also as polygenic disorder.

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Natural resistance against Barley plant disease virus in wheat crop

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KR M
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Wheat
Wheat

BARLEY DISEASE

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is placed at the quantity one position among the staple foods of the planet and it\’s the most supply of calories, protein, sure vitamins and minerals. Asian country has been divided into range of production zones and being staple diet of inhabitants, wheat occupies a central position within the agricultural of nice agro-ecological areas wherever wheat is full-grown.

The partition is especially supported cropping pattern, unwellness prevalence and climatological factors. Wheat cultivation encompasses a serious production space of eight.33 million hectares participating thirty three% of the cultivated space of the country every year and exhibits production around twenty one million tones. an equivalent isn\’t enough to satisfy with the country’s ever-increasing increase rate of two.6% annually. Wheat occupies seventy% of Rabi season (winter season) and thirty three capitalize on total cropped space of Asian country.
Wheat is subjected to range of diseases caused by fungi, bacterium and viruses. Among infective agent diseases, the most important drawback turning into aggravated by day in Asian country is Barley plant disease unwellness (BYDD) caused by Barley plant disease Virus (BYDV). BYDV has serious impact on grain production and thought of to be a very important limiting issue for yield where cereals area unit full-grown and average yield losses as a result of natural BYDV infection will vary between eleven and thirty third. BYDV is neither automatically transmissible, nor through the seed, however area unit transmitted by insect vector (aphids) in a very persistent, change of location however non-propagative manner. Environmental factors play many vital roles within the BYDD cycle. High intensity and comparatively cool temperatures move 15-18C typically favor expression of symptoms development, like leaf discoloration, which can attract louse to virus-infected plants
Dominant factor, Bdv1 and Bdv2 confers tolerance to BYDV in some wheat varieties that induces slow yellowing. In Asian country, total supermolecule (TNA) of growing wheat varieties ought to be evaluated through enzyme chain reaction (PCR) assay exploitation Bdv1 and Bdv2 factor sense and antisense primers to see the presence or absence of resistance against BYDV. the half of increase in BYDD incidence reduced the yield from twenty to fifty kg/ha in wheat crop and BYDV is controlled chiefly by the employment of plant lines that area unit tolerant or immune to sure BYDV isolates. The resistance or tolerant wheat varieties and bug vector management can enhance the yield of wheat crop in Asian country and. High yield can improve the farmer’s financial gain and it will play a big role within the GDP of the country.

 

 

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Researchers develop new tearless onions that conjointly scale back weight gain

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KR M
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Onions
Onions

TEARLESS ONIONS

The ‘tearless’ onions not solely forestall eyes from burns and tears, however conjointly fight against disorder and weight gain, scientists say.
Researchers Colin C. Eady and colleagues noted that the onion incorporates a distinctive chemistry that results in its tear-inducing effects once cut. Eady’s team has developed a version of onions, that instead makes a sulphur compound almost like one found in cut garlic that will be the key to its vas advantages.
Many people eat garlic cloves or take it as a biological process supplement in pill type to scale back the clumping of platelets within the blood, which might result in blood clots and clogged arteries.
Garlic conjointly has been shown to scale back weight gain. They needed to understand whether or not the new onion may additionally have similar positive effects on health.
The scientists found that in laboratory tests, extract from the tearless onion considerably reduced thrombocyte clumping, compared to regular onions or perhaps garlic. different results showed that the new onion had regarding an equivalent medicament properties because the original.
Preliminary testing in rats showed that the tearless onion might facilitate management weight gain additional thus than regular onions or garlic, in line with the study revealed within the yankee Chemical Society’s Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Recently, onions are full-grown with inhibited driblet issue synthase (LFS) activity, that causes these onions to supply accumulated amounts of di-1-propenyl thiosulfinate, associate degree chemical compound of allicin.
Investigation into the key health attributes of LFS-silenced (tearless) onions demonstrates that they need some attributes additional almost like garlic which this is often doubtless as a result of the assembly of novel thiosulfinate or metabolites. The main finding was that collagen-induced in vitro thrombocyte aggregation was considerably reduced by tearless onion extract over traditional onion extract.

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